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1

What are the characteristics of the familial neoplasms or hereditary tumor ?
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2

If there is no deaf people in the family, is it possible that the children's deafness is inherited from the parents?
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3

Why should the children accept intestinal flora detection?
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4

How to make individual diagnoses and treatments after the bacteria detection for IBS?
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5

What is included in NIPT test and NIPT-pro test？And what is the difference between this two test?
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6

Which drugs are included in this test?
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7

what is non-invasive prenatal testing?
Prenatal testing consists of prenatal screening and prenatal diagnosis, which are aspects of prenatal care that focus on detecting problems with the pregnancy as early as possible. These may be anatomic and physiologic problems with the health of the zygote, embryo, or fetus, either before gestation even starts (as in preimplantation genetic diagnosis) or as early in gestation as practicable. Screening can detect problems such as neural tube defects, chromosome abnormalities, and gene mutations that would lead to genetic disorders and birth defects, such as spina bifida, cleft palate, Downs Syndrome, Tay–Sachs disease, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, muscular dystrophy, and fragile X syndrome. Some tests are designed to discover problems which primarily affect the health of the mother, such as PAPP-A to detect pre-eclampsia or glucose tolerance tests to diagnose gestational diabetes. Screening can also detect anatomical defects such as hydrocephalus, anencephaly, heart defects, and amniotic band syndrome.
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what is the metagenome?
Metagenomics is the study of genetic material recovered directly from environmental samples. The broad field may also be referred to as environmental genomics, ecogenomics or community genomics. While traditional microbiology and microbial genome sequencing and genomics rely upon cultivated clonal cultures, early environmental gene sequencing cloned specific genes (often the 16S rRNA gene) to produce a profile of diversity in a natural sample. Such work revealed that the vast majority of microbial biodiversity had been missed by cultivation-based methods.[1] Recent studies use either "shotgun" or PCR directed sequencing to get largely unbiased samples of all genes from all the members of the sampled communities. Because of its ability to reveal the previously hidden diversity of microscopic life, metagenomics offers a powerful lens for viewing the microbial world that has the potential to revolutionize understanding of the entire living world. As the price of DNA sequencing continues to fall, metagenomics now allows microbial ecology to be investigated at a much greater scale and detail than before.
9

What is the relationship between drinking blush and genes?
酒精的代谢酒精进入体内后，只有大概1%会随着尿液、汗液或者呼吸排除体外其余被吸收之后进入血液，最后到达肝脏从而被分解代谢排出。饮酒后, 乙醇在体内主要通过胃和小肠吸收进行代谢, 在体内的乙醇脱氢酶(ADH)、乙醛脱氢酶(ALDH)、微粒体乙醇氧化酶系包括细胞色素2E1酶(CYP2E1s)的参与下进行。大部分乙醇主要分为三个步骤：1. 在乙醇脱氢酶的作用下，乙醇变成乙醛；2．在乙醛脱氢酶的作用下，乙醛变成乙酸；3. 无伤害性的乙酸大部分随着尿液排出体外其余的也变成了二氧化碳、能量、水等（如图1）。很少部分的乙醇则由微粒体的细胞色素2E1酶代谢。部分以原形经呼吸道、尿液、汗液直接排出（如图2）。喝酒脸红的主要原因很多人都误以为脸红是酒精导致的，其实不然。乙醇（酒精）进入体内后，先由乙醇脱氢酶将它转化成乙醛，而乙醛具有让毛细血管扩张的功能，一扩张脸就红了。喝酒脸红的人是只有乙醇脱氢酶，而没有乙醛脱氢酶，所以乙醛在人体内迅速累积却不能代谢，因此才会出现长时间的脸红状态（如图3）。不过常喝酒的人也都有经验，一般几个小时后红色就会减退，这是靠肝脏里的细胞色素酶（即图2途径）慢慢将乙醛转化成乙酸，慢慢被代谢掉了。与喝酒脸红的相关基因乙醛脱氢酶（ALDH）人类ALDH 基因家族中有12个成员, 其中乙醛脱氢酶2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase，ALDH2)是和酒精依赖密切相关并具有多态性的主要代谢酶, 在亚洲人群有高度遗传多态性。乙醛脱氢酶2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase，ALDH2)是由ALDH2基因编码。ALDH2基因位于染色体12q24.2。ALDH2基因由13个外显子构成，编码的酶蛋白肽链由500个氨基酸残基组成。在乙醛脱氢酶同工酶中，ALDH2的Km值最小：3 μM，即在体内把底物乙醛催化变成乙酸的能力最强。在人群中，由于ALDH2基因的第12外显子内第487密码子有一个突变位点，出现碱基置换：G(鸟嘌呤)—> A(腺嘌呤)，这样造成密码子改变导致氨基酸的改变，即：GAA (谷氨酸：Glu)—>AAA (赖氨酸：Lys)。处于该酶活性中心的谷氨酸变成赖氨酸后，该酶的催化能力失活。这样ALDH2基因有二个等位基因，把具有催化活性的野生型称为：ALDH2*1，催化能力失活的变异型称为：ALDH2*2。由于遗传，在人群中该酶基因型出现3种情况，具有正常催化活性纯合子型：ALDH2*1/ *1；催化活性下降的杂合子型：ALDH2*1/ *2；催化活性失去的纯合子型：ALDH2*2/ *2。基因型ALDH2*1/*2个体和ALDH2*2/ *2个体ALDH无活性或活性极弱, 这两种基因型个体可使乙醛在体内堆积. 究竟谁酒量更好些？酒量好是体内同时具有高活性的乙醇脱氢酶和乙醛脱氢酶的这类人。一般这类人边喝酒边会大量出汗，酒精会随着汗液迅速被排出体外。如果酒桌上碰到这类人，最好还是不要跟他们干杯了。
10

What are the symptoms of leukemia?
Leukemia is a kind of malignant clonal disease of hematopoietic stem cells. Clonal leukemic cells proliferate and accumulate in bone marrow and other hematopoietic tissues, and infiltrate other non hematopoietic tissues and organs, and inhibit normal hematopoiesis because of the mechanism of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Clinically, anemia, bleeding, infection, fever, liver, spleen, lymph node enlargement and bone pain can be seen in different degrees. According to reports, the incidence of leukemia in various regions of China accounted for sixth of all kinds of tumors.
11

What is diabetes?
Diabetes is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is caused by impaired insulin secretion or impaired biological function, or both. Long term hyperglycemia during diabetes leads to chronic damage and dysfunction of various tissues, especially eyes, kidneys, heart, blood vessels and nerves.
12

What is leukaemia?
Leukemia (Leukemia), also known as blood cancer, is a hematopoietic malignancy. The source of the disease is the abnormal functioning of hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow caused by the variation of intracellular DNA. Stem cells in bone marrow can produce thousands of red blood cells and white blood cells every day. Leukemia patients overproduce immature white blood cells and interfere with other work of bone marrow, which reduces the function of other blood cells in bone marrow production. Leukemia can spread to lymph nodes, spleen, liver, central nervous system and other organs.
13

What is the treatment of Helicobacter pylori？
Removal of HP disappeared at the end of the treatment. No HP relapse occurred at least 4 weeks after the end of the treatment. Clinically, HP eradication is required, and the recurrence rate of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer can be greatly reduced.

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